O tema deste artigo é o antagonismo entre duas “escolas” filosóficas que se desenvolveram a partir de princípios opostos: as “escolas” jônica e a itálica. Aquela desenvolveu-se desde Tales em Mileto, passando por Anaximandro, Anaxímenes, Heráclito, Leucipo, Demócrito, Epicuro..., cuja filosofia se denomina materialista A segunda, de Parmênides, Zenão... até, principalmente, Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles, cuja filosofia se chama idealista. O proposto é um esquema de releitura dessa história e uma problematização mínima das suas consequências. Verifica-se que desde a Antiguidade (...) os filósofos reconheciam a existência desse antagonismo e conscientemente opunham-se entre si, numa luta cuja vitória, a história o conta, foi dos idealistas. Não se trata de um estudo exaustivo de cada um desses filósofos, mas apenas alguns, aqueles por mim considerados mais exemplares da época dos primórdios da filosofia grega. Ressalta-se, ainda, que esse antagonismo vem sendo recorrentemente negligenciado nos manuais de história da filosofia. Como o único meio para mostrar isso é o de evidenciar a incoerência dos manuais a partir dos próprios textos e testemunhos desses filósofos, o leitor encontrará, com maior ênfase, uma análise do desenvolvimento do atomismo em Leucipo a partir da filosofia de Anaxímenes, ao contrário da afirmação costumeira de que o atomismo se originou da doutrina do Ser de Parmênides. (shrink)

The article assumes that the philosophers known as “pre-Socratics” should be understood for analyzing their fragments and for a critical analysis of the testimonies about them that have come to us. The Aristotelian reading prevailed, but today we are able to understand the Ionian philosophy in its particularity, each of its philosophers and the ideas common to them. We approach these philosophers together as members of a historical tradition, as this undoubtedly seems unavoidable for their proper understanding, and we pay (...) attention to the fundamental notions of necessity, evolution and freedom, a kind of backbone of Anaximander's thought to that of Lucretius. Especially in contrast to the idea of final cause, we consider that the Ionians followed the opposite path to the Aristotelian and that the Epicureans are their main heirs, hence the expression “Ionian-Epicurean philosophy”, for us created to designate what we believe to have been a long and legitimate philosophical tradition. (shrink)

El holismo semántico es una teoría que está relacionada con los significados que se atribuyen a las palabras y sus relaciones con otras palabras en una lengua. En este trabajo se propone rehabilitar el holismo semántico como una posición filosófica razonable y presentar una versión del holismo semántico desarrollada por Henry Jackman – llamada “holismo semántico moderado”. Esta teoría es capaz de explicar algunos fenómenos lingüísticos, como la vaguedad, polisemia y ambigüedad, haciendo del holismo moderado una teoría útil no sólo (...) para la filosofía del lenguaje, sino también para los estudios de semántica lingüística. (shrink)

250 auteurs français et étrangers, 293 articles : 83 portant sur des auteurs, 87 sur les notions et concepts, 63 sur l'histoire de la philosophie morale, 68 sur la réflexion éthique du XXe siècle. Ce dictionnaire fait ainsi le lien entre l'histoire de la discipline et ses développements.

Une vie sans examen n'est pas une vie vraiment vécue, disait Socrate. Le présent essai veut renouer avec la tâche la plus ancienne de la philosophie, qui est de penser la vie humaine. En quoi consiste l'examen d'une vie? Est-il menacé par l'absurdité? Comment la réflexion sur l'existence intègre-t-elle la singularité humaine, la contingence des événements, la certitude de la mort, l'obsédante présence du passé on l'irréversibilité du temps? L'Inquiétude morale et la vie humaine est un plaidoyer pour la philosophie (...) morale et la réflexion éthique, appliquées à la vie humaine et au monde où nous vivons. L'engouement dont l'éthique est aujourd'hui l'objet ne doit pas faire oublier que, sans philosophie morale, il n'y a pas de réflexion éthique et que, sans réflexion éthique, il n'y a pas d'éthique qui vaille. (shrink)

Sur des questions aussi diverses que celles suscitées par l'économie contemporaine, la bioéthique et l'éthique médicale, le droit international et la gouvernance mondiale, la commercialisation du vivant, les nanotechnologies et la filiation, les conférences recueillies ici offrent l'occasion d'un dialogue entre les disciplines enseignées à l'École normale supérieure et les activités de recherche qui y sont menées. Les questions d'éthique sont intellectuellement passionnantes. Elles engagent une réflexion sur les règles d'action, les principes, les cas, les conséquences et les limites de (...) l'action humaine. Le présent ouvrage entend prouver sur pièces qu'elles peuvent aussi jouer un rôle dans la vie publique. À chaque lecteur de juger de leur exemplarité. (shrink)

In this paper I present a version of meaning holism proposed by Henry Jackman (1999a, 1999b, 2005 and 2015) entitled "moderate holism". I will argue that this moderate version of holism, in addition to responding to much of the criticism attributed to traditional semantic holism (such as translation, disagreement, change of mind and communication), is also extremely useful to explain the occurrence of several, such as vagueness and polysemy.

A l'occasion du soixante-dixieme anniversaire de Jacques Brunschwig, certains de ses disciples, amis et collegues, se sont reunis pour lui dedier un volume d'hommage.L'ouvrage s'ouvre par un entretien avec le recipiendaire, dans lequel celui-ci retrace les principales etapes de sa carriere et donne sans detour son avis sur quelques-unes des grandes questions de sa discipline (par exemple: pourquoi la faiblesse persistante des etudes aristoteliciennes en France?).Les contributions ont ete demandees a des specialistes des domaines dans lesquels Jacques Brunschwig s'est particulierement (...) illustre: pensee grecque classique (Platon et Aristote) et philosophie hellenistique.Le retentissement international du travail de Jacques Brunschwig est bien marque par le fait qu'un grand nombre des contributions du volume est du a des plumes anglo-saxonnes.L'ouvrage s'acheve sur un temoignage personnel de Pierre Vidal-Naquet. (shrink)

Music is a multifaceted discipline. It has repercussions in the most diverse areas of knowledge. It appears strongly in the development of education and philosophy since antiquity. As a representation of this importance we can find in Book VIII of Aristotle’s Politics an important argumentation about the role of music in the education of young people and adults in the polis. This paper will present an interpretation of Aristotle’s perspective on the role of music in education. -/- .

Objective: To explore the strategies that can help individuals mourning a family member’s death from Covid-19 to cope with the loss. Method: We carried out a narrative review on the PubCovid-19 platform using the descriptors “death,” “mourning,” “Covid-19,” and “coping strategies.” Ten articles were included. Results: The strategies found are phone calls, audio recording, letters, and photos, classified as immediate and long-term. These strategies are focused on mental health, which can be adversely affected by depression and psychological disorders. Conclusions: Creating (...) counseling programs for the relatives of those who died from Covid-19 is urgent. They must offer comprehensive, humanized, and continuous mental health care. (shrink)

J. S. Mill and the Art of Compromise The word compromise means a kind of agreement and a concession to something harmful or wrong. I argue that particularly this second sense is quite relevant in the ethics of political action. John Stuart Mill focused upon this issue in his Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 1859. I outline Mill's doctrine on compromise looking at the external and internal features of an acceptable measure of compromise. These features provide a set of conditions necessary (...) in order for compromise to take place, but they do not guarantee sufficient conditions. In order to assess Mill's political coherence and to draw a general distinction between strategic and ethical compromises the paper concludes by considering two compromise measures that Mill adopted while he was a Member of Parliament. (shrink)

Les éthiques anciennes sont encore, à bien des égards, une source d'inspiration pour la pensée morale contemporaine. Mais qui sont les Anciens? Les " Grecs " dont parlent les philosophes modernes ne sont-ils pas un simple artefact, héros d'une Antiquité inventée pour remédier aux difficultés propres à la philosophie moderne? En voulant restituer les principaux aspects de la philosophie morale des Anciens, l'ambition de cet essai est de retrouver ce que fut la réalité des éthiques grecques, trop souvent déformée sous (...) l'assaut des critiques stéréotypées ou des éloges abusifs des penseurs d'aujourd'hui. (shrink)

Holism is a well-known and discussed theory in several fields of philosophy, especially in the field of epistemology and the philosophy of language. Willard Van Orman Quine was one of the leading analytical philosophers to argue about this topic in the last 70 years. The objective of this paper is to present how Quine developed his holistic arguments, identifying the texts in which they appear, and finally to present our interpretation of how epistemological holism and meaning holism work in the (...) perspective of this so important American analytical philosopher, based on a new argumentation presented by Cañamares (2002). (shrink)

The paper proposes (1.) a non-standard interpretation of the proverbial expression “deuteros plous” by giving a fresh look to Phaedo, 99c9-d1. Then (2.) it proceeds to the philosophical problem raised in this passage according to this interpretation, that is, the problem of the “hypothesis” or the “unproved principle”. It indicates finally (3.) the kernel of truth contained in the standard Interpretation and it concludes with some remarks on the “weakness of the logoi”.

The discourse on CRS began late in Spain. Its permeation into political institutions also began later than in many Western countries. The Spanish government neither contributed nor reacted to the green paper Corporate social responsibility. A business contribution sustainable development, published by the European Commission in 2002. However, the publication of this document gave the definitive impulse for the start of the Spanish debate on CSR. After this initial impulse, the debate rapidly developed into a consolidated field of discourse. This (...) field is the object of the present paper. Here, we seek to elaborate on a concept of corporate social citizenship viewed as a "field of discourse", which is being produced by an epistemic community, at Spanish yet also at a global level. Thus, we seek to depict the contours of the Spanish discourse on CSR, researching its evolution over the last 5 years. We focus on its main actors, the central topics on its agendas, the conflicts that are appearing, and how they are being dealt with. In order to in to achieve these objectives, we focus primarily on the transcription of 61 speeches made by different stakeholders at the Spanish Parliament during 2005. This initiative of the Spanish Parliament is unique of its kind. A special sub-commission was created to discuss the role that Spanish public institutions should play regarding corporate social responsibility. Sixty-one experts from different areas (academia, business, trade unions, and NGOs) were invited to present their views on CSR. Members of the sub-commission had the opportunity to discuss with these experts the nature, limits, results and evolution of CSR, seeking with special interest their opinions on the role that the Spanish Government should play in the consolidation of CSR in Spain. The thesis of this paper is that through an exhaustive analysis of the transcriptions of these interventions at the Spanish Parliament, we can identify who constitutes the Spanish epistemic community on CSR. We can also trace the main contours of this field of discourse, to identify the main actors in its development (particularly, of course, on the binding point between CRS and government) and the main issues discussed, as well as the "hot topics". The presentation will also locate the uniqueness of this debate generated in parliament within the context of the wider Spanish debate on CSR. (shrink)

A strange dialectical reversal characterizes the oppositions which psychoanalysis posits against philosophy and neuroscience: what psychoanalysis intervenes with as a unique and missing quality of these subjects, reveals itself upon enquiry as already having been a feature of said subjects. This article first discusses the failed intervention of psychoanalysis within the perceived totalities and absolutes of German idealism. Psychoanalysis, founded on an ontological division and internal inconsistency with a retroactive logic, finds this internal contradiction already reflected within the supposed totalities (...) of Schelling and Hegel. Schelling’s “blind act,” a decision with no prior foundation that grounds an abstract identity-in-itself, appears as the counterpart to what Badiou calls the strictly “analytic act.” Hegel’s Science of Logic, in which the inconclusive interpenetration of being and nothing presupposes its own conclusion in the transitions to essence, and in which an internal incompleteness and contradiction are retroactively constitutive of the concept, similarly nullifies the intervention of psychoanalysis. Finally, precisely such a reversal is presented in neuroscience, where the constitutive contradiction of contingently functional neuronal formations in the adaptive “multiple demand” model of executive functioning repeats the contingent and self-contradicting psychoanalytic subject as being its own deference within linguistic, discursive formations. (shrink)

De la identidad literaria salvadoreña como exilio, se examina la obra clásica de nueve autores. Al aplicar una perspectiva psicoanalítica, el ensayo toma como punto de partida una tarjeta que Roque Dalton envió desde Cuba a una amante lejana en El Salvador. La escritura establece la deuda y la memoria como principios rectores para recuperar el pasado. Un compromiso subjetivo con el objeto del amor perdido la patria y la amante dicta el movimiento de la inscripción poética. Esta ausencia del (...) cuerpo a recuperar se aplica en seguida, en primer lugar, a Francisco Gavidia, que funda el indigenismo salvadoreño, utilizando técnicas literarias europeas, con lo cual ignora las lenguas indígenas, luego a Alberto Masferrer, que se retrata sufriendo las tribulaciones y la pasión de Cristo en el exilio, antes de construir un proyecto político de país. En tercer lugar, Arturo Ambrogi percibe en el campesino salvadoreño al poeta medieval localizado en un locus amoenus, encantado por la belleza del campo. Francisco Miranda Ruano inaugura una visión más trágica, ya que su salida de la ciudad para recrear el esplendor del campo concluye con su regreso a los suburbios pobres, antes de suicidarse. En quinto lugar, Salarrué mezcla fantasía y realismo para retratar sus diversas máscaras o personajes, así como para disimular la violencia sexual y racial. Según el proverbio español “el hábito hace al monje”, el ser y los actos se juzgan siempre por la apariencia. Claudia Lars prescribe un movimiento dual, primero para sustituir su nombre real, Carmen Brannon, por su seudónimo literario, y luego para recuperar su infancia de sus habilidades adultas, que ella desarrolla, gracias al legado poético de su padre extranjero. Los hermanos Alfred y Miguel Ángel Espino proponen un patrimonio complejo. Si el primero idealiza el campo en una recuperación nostálgica del vientre materno cuya contrapartida nombra al amante imposible que lo inclina al suicidio, el segundo apunta a restituir una educación verdaderamente americana, sin revitalización alguna de las lenguas indígenas ni de su tierra ancestral confiscada. José Napoleón Rodríguez Ruiz estipula cómo solo un recuerdo lejano recupera un relato testimonial del pasado. Al vaticinar un tema de actualidad -el acoso sexual y la migración, su personaje campesino narra cómo el exilio reinventa su identidad rural. Finalmente, en un retorno sinodal, desde lejos, Dalton replica la nostalgia de Rubén Darío por ser alguien más de lo que es a la hora de recrear sus años de formación como poeta. En resumen, este bosquejo de nueve autores del siglo XX delinea no solo cómo una idea de exilio anticipa la diáspora actual. El ensayo también sugiere cómo los estudios culturales continúan una nostálgica recuperación de la memoria por una revolución sinódica, y reclama la actualidad de aquellos autores consagrados en un canon literario monolingüe. (shrink)

This paper presents an experience in developing professional ethics by an approach that integrates knowledge, teaching methodologies and assessment coherently. It has been implemented for students in both the Software Engineering and Computer Engineering degree programs of the Technical University of Madrid, in which professional ethics is studied as a part of a required course. Our contribution of this paper is a model for formative assessment that clarifies the learning goals, enhances the results, simplifies the scoring and can be replicated (...) in other contexts. A quasi-experimental study that involves many of the students of the required course has been developed. To test the effectiveness of the teaching process, the analysis of ethical dilemmas and the use of deontological codes have been integrated, and a scoring rubric has been designed. Currently, this model is also being used to develop skills related to social responsibility and sustainability for undergraduate and postgraduate students of diverse academic context. (shrink)

En este artículo se pretende mostrar cómo evoluciona la teoría social y política de Jean- Jacques Rousseau. Para ello, se toma la hipótesis conceptual que plantea el filósofo de Ginebra y los límites hacia los que se dirige. Se establece, también, una comparación entre lo que preceda a la sociedad civil (el propio estado de naturaleza) y lo que la sucede (la construcción política del contrato social). Para dar una explicación a esta teoría, vamos a adentrarnos en algunos puntos de (...) la vida de Rousseau, ya que consideramos que gran parte de su pensamiento político y social bebe de la fuente vital del filósofo. (shrink)

This article deals with the nature of the visual representation of knowledge with historical and contemporary examples of the analysis of its defining characteristics as epistemic, heuristic and communicative representation. With this aim along the text we explain the visual material features and their relationship with the elaboration of scientific knowledge. And, finally, we must take into account the status of scientific representation in the complex of contemporary visual culture claiming the urgent need to address this type of particular representation (...) of visuals with greater intensity from its epistemic, heuristic and communicative nature. (shrink)

Autonomy has been central to moral and political philosophy for millenia, and has been positioned as a critical aspect of both justice and wellbeing. Research in psychology supports this position, providing empirical evidence that autonomy is critical to motivation, personal growth and psychological wellness. Responsible AI will require an understanding of, and ability to effectively design for, human autonomy (rather than just machine autonomy) if it is to genuinely benefit humanity. Yet the effects on human autonomy of digital experiences are (...) neither straightforward nor consistent, and are complicated by commercial interests and tensions around compulsive overuse. This multi-layered reality requires an analysis that is itself multidimensional and that takes into account human experience at various levels of resolution. We borrow from HCI and psychological research to apply a model (“METUX”) that identifies six distinct spheres of technology experience. We demonstrate the value of the model for understanding human autonomy in a technology ethics context at multiple levels by applying it to the real-world case study of an AI-enhanced video recommender system. In the process we argue for the following three claims: 1) There are autonomy-related consequences to algorithms representing the interests of third parties, and they are not impartial and rational extensions of the self, as is often perceived; 2) Designing for autonomy is an ethical imperative critical to the future design of responsible AI; and 3) Autonomy-support must be analysed from at least six spheres of experience in order to approriately capture contradictory and downstream effects. (shrink)

A recent issue of Topics in Cognitive Science featured 11 thoughtful commentaries responding to our article “What happened to cognitive science?” (Núñez et al., 2019). Here, we identify several themes that arose in those commentaries and respond to each. Crucial to understanding our original article is the fundamental distinction between multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary endeavors: Cognitive science began (and has stayed) as multidisciplinary but has failed to move on to form a cohesive interdisciplinary field. We clarify and elaborate our original argument (...) and reiterate the importance of a data‐driven evaluation of the current status of the field, which exhibits a marked disciplinary imbalance, a lack of a coherent conceptual core, and a striking absence of a consistent curriculum in the institutions that grant degrees in this domain. Half a century after the creation of cognitive science, it may now be a good time to revisit goals and visions for how to best approach the ever‐fascinating scientific study of the mind(s). (shrink)

En este artículo se pretende mostrar cómo evoluciona la teoría social y política de Jean- Jacques Rousseau. Para ello, se toma la hipótesis conceptual que plantea el filósofo de Ginebra y los límites hacia los que se dirige. Se establece, también, una comparación entre lo que preceda a la sociedad civil (el propio estado de naturaleza) y lo que la sucede (la construcción política del contrato social). Para dar una explicación a esta teoría, vamos a adentrarnos en algunos puntos de (...) la vida de Rousseau, ya que consideramos que gran parte de su pensamiento político y social bebe de la fuente vital del filósofo. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo consiste em analisar como Nietzsche, baseado na filosofia schopenhauriana, resolveu o problema do surgimento da tragédia grega através da elevação dos elementos Apolo e Dionísio a um estatuto ontológico, e como os gregos fizeram isso em seu tempo através da Música, além de revelar como, em Nietzsche, o pensamento de Sócrates surge como o “perverso algoz da arte”.O estudo foi realizado através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica com base nas seguintes obras do filósofo: A visão Dionisíaca de (...) Mundo e O nascimento da tragédia no espírito da Música. Na segunda parte, sugere-se como Nietzsche faz esse resgate do trágico em sua época e qual a recepção no século XIX de seu trabalho. (shrink)

Corporations perform actions that can inflict harm with different levels of intensity, from death to material loss, to both companies’ internal and external stakeholders. Research has analysed corporate harm using the notions of corporate social irresponsibility and corporate crime. Critical management studies have been subjecting management and organizational practices and knowledge to critical analysis, and corporate harm has been one of the main concerns of CMS. However, CMS has rarely been deployed to analyse CSIR and corporate crime. Thus, the aim (...) of this paper is to critically analyse the perspectives of CSIR and corporate crimes on corporate harm via CMS in general and postcolonial studies in particular. The paper contributes by arguing that research on CSIR and corporate crime could be perceived as producing research that does not challenge the essence of contemporary corporation profit-seeking activities that ultimately produces corporate harm. We argue that CSIR and corporate crime are ideologies that assist in disguising the contradiction between producing shareholder value and the social good that is at the heart of the modern corporation system and the current economic system. Furthermore, the postcolonial view of CSIR and corporate crime highlights how they are based on a Western-centric view of corporate harm that ignores the realities and perspectives of the Global South, especially in situations where corporate harm leads to death in the Global South. (shrink)

The present chapter sketches the adoption of logic in late nineteenth and early twentieth century China. Addressing both conceptual and institutional aspects of this process, it contextualizes the raising interest in the discipline among Qing scholars and Republican intellectuals. Arranged largely chronologically, it delineates the successive periods in the reception of major works of and intellectual trends in the field. It introduces the most influential scholars promoting a public discourse on logic in the final years of the empire, but also (...) the ever more professional agents who participated in the ensuing establishment of a modern institutional framework for studies in logic like universities, departments of logic, academic societies, journals etc. While at the beginning, these people were mostly no trained logicians, progress in the establishment of academic logic in the 1930s provided the conditions for the formation of the first Chinese specialists in the field who were often internationally trained and soon to engage in cutting-edge research. In some contrast, academic discourse on logic well into the 1930s was dominated by exaggerated social and political expectations, not least due to the successive influence on intellectuals of inductionist scientism in the first decades of the twentieth century, of an inflated pragmatist notion of logic in the 1920s, and of an overly simplistic “antiformalist” notion of logic propagated by (vulgar-)Marxist historical dialecticians in the 1930s. The arrival of scientific logic also went in tandem with a renewed interest in studies in the traditional Buddhist “science of reasons” (yinming, hetuvidyā, “Buddhist logic”) and spurred the search for contributions to the field of logic in the record of inherited Chinese literature, a development which soon led to the common acceptance of the existence of genuinely Chinese traditions of logic. It is eventually a peculiarity of the Chinese reception of logic that since around 1920, less than two decades after the first modern translations of textbooks on traditional syllogistics, the visit of Bertrand Russell – one of the fathers of mathematical logic – fueled the spread of this new approach to logic which has eventually changed its face for good. Designed as a historical survey, this chapter is a general account on the major contributions to the field by Chinese scholars of the time and has to forego detailed discussions. (shrink)